MCALMS Instrument Ground School Practice Test

In IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) flight, the three main types of navigation are pilotage, dead reckoning, and electronic navigation.

Pilotage involves navigating by using visual reference points, such as landmarks or geographical features, which is not typically used solely under IFR conditions where visibility may be limited. Dead reckoning refers to a method of calculating one's current position based on previously determined positions and accounting for factors such as wind and drift, which is essential in maintaining a course when visual references are not available.

Electronic navigation encompasses a wide range of techniques that utilize technology such as GPS, VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range), and other electronic aids, making it a fundamental aspect of modern IFR navigation. This method is crucial for ensuring accurate positioning and navigation in low visibility scenarios.

By understanding these three forms, pilots can effectively navigate and maintain safe operations under IFR conditions.