What challenging condition can lead to a landing short of the runway due to the Black Hole Effect?

The Black Hole Effect refers to a visual illusion encountered by pilots, particularly during landing, which can cause them to misjudge their altitude and approach path, leading them to land short of the runway. This phenomenon is most pronounced in dark flying conditions, such as at night or in poorly lit environments, where the contrast between the runway and its surroundings is minimal. In such situations, the lack of visual cues can create an illusion of being higher than the actual altitude. Consequently, pilots may initiate their descent too late, resulting in a landing that occurs before the runway threshold. Recognizing the conditions that contribute to this effect is crucial for maintaining safe operational practices, especially in environments where runway lights are dim or absent.