Which two primary types of navigation aids are used in IFR flying?

In IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) flying, pilots rely on specific navigation aids to ensure safe and accurate navigation when visibility is poor or when flying in clouds. The two primary types of navigation aids that are utilized are ground-based NAVAIDs and satellite-based systems.

Ground-based NAVAIDs, such as VOR (VHF Omnidirectional Range) stations and ILS (Instrument Landing System), provide pilots with reference points and guidance for navigation and approach. These aids transmit signals that pilots can dial in and use to determine their position relative to the navigation aid.

Satellite-based systems, primarily represented by GPS (Global Positioning System), have become increasingly crucial in modern aviation. GPS provides precise positioning information, which is vital for navigation in IFR conditions. When combined, these two systems enhance situational awareness and improve the routing efficiency for pilots flying under IFR.

While the other options mention visual flight rules, handheld devices, and autopilot systems, they do not fulfill the criteria of primary navigation aids for IFR flying. Visual flight rules are applicable in clear weather and do not involve reliance on navigation aids. Handheld devices are not standard instruments used in IFR navigation, as pilots depend on certified systems. Autopilot systems assist in flying but do not serve as